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Uses of the present perfect simple
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Recent past actions (just, already, yet)
To talk about past finished actions when we don’t know or say when the action happened. There’s often a present result.
- John has broken his leg, and he is in hospital.
- Sue has left. (=She is not here anymore.)
We use just for actions that happened a very short time ago.
- Mike’s just called. He said that he’d call you back.
- Sue has just left. She was here a minute ago.
We also use the present perfect simple with the words already and yet.
- Have you already finished your homework?
- She hasn’t called me yet.
Experiences (never, ever, before)
To talk about past experiences when we don’t say when something happened.
- He has been to the moon. He’s an astronaut.
- I haven’t been to India.
We often use the words never, ever, or before to talk about experiences.
- I have never read this book.
- Have you ever seen a John Wayne film?
- I haven’t experienced anything like this before.
How much we have done of something, or how many times we have done something
To talk about how much of something we have done or how many times we have done something (none, one, two, three, etc.) up to now.
- He’s drunk a lot of coffee and is very nervous now.
- I’ve seen this film three times.
- This shop has been robbed four times.
- You’ve eaten too much.
The best thing I’ve ever done
We can use the present perfect simple with the superlative and ever.
- This is the best meal I’ve ever had.
- It’s the most amazing place we’ve ever travelled to.
Actions from the past till now (how long, for, since, lately, all day/morning, etc.)
We use the present perfect simple with stative verbs, like be, know, have, etc., to talk about situations that started in the past and still continue. We normally use expressions like how long, for, since, lately, all day, etc.
- We’ve known each other since we were kids.
- I haven’t seen Kate for years.
- I’ve been very busy all weekend.
Uses of the present perfect continuous
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Actions from the past till now (how long, for, since, lately, all day/morning, etc.)
We use the present perfect continuous with dynamic verbs to talk about situations that started in the past and still continue or have just finished, and often have present results.
- Have you been crying?
- Sorry I am so dirty, but I’ve been painting.
To express duration, we often use words like how long, for, since, lately, all day, etc.
- I haven’t been feeling well lately.
- He’s been annoying us all evening.
- She’s been studying very hard for weeks.
- How long have you been playing golf?
We can use the present perfect continuous for either continuous or repeated actions from the past till now.
- She’s been studying a lot lately.
- She’s been calling you for days.
Present perfect simple or continuous?
Situations that started in the past and still continue
We can use either the present perfect simple or continuous for situations that started in the past and still continue. But we must use the present perfect simple with stative verbs, and we normally use the present perfect continuous with dynamic verbs (although the present perfect simple is also possible.)
- We’ve had this car for years.
- I haven’t been sleeping well lately.
We use the present perfect continuous with dynamic verbs to describe situations that started in the past and still continue when we want to emphasise how long the situation has lasted.
- I have been waiting for hours! (=I want to emphasise that I’ve been waiting for a long time).
- I couldn’t do the dishes. I’ve been working all day.
Finished and unfinished situations
We use the present perfect simple to talk about finished actions in the past and the present perfect continuous to describe situations (happening from the past till now) that may or may not have finished.
- Who has eaten my cookies? (=We would say this if there are no cookies left)
- Who has been eating my cookies? (=We would say this if there are some cookies left)
- I’ve been watching the series you recommended. I’ll tell you about it when I finish watching it.
- I’ve watched the series you recommended. I watched the last episode yesterday.
Actions with present results
We can use both present perfect simple or continuous for recent actions with a present result, but we use the present perfect simple when the present results come from having finished the action, and we use the present perfect continuous when the present results come from the process of performing the action (which may or may not have finished).
- Look how nice my car looks. I’ve washed it.
- Sorry, I’m so sweaty. I’ve been washing my car.
- Something is different in this house. Have you painted it?
- How come you are so dirty? Have you been painting?
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